Transmission Assessment Surveys (TAS) to Define Endpoints for Lymphatic Filariasis Mass Drug Administration: A Multicenter Evaluation
Identifieur interne : 003034 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 003033; suivant : 003035Transmission Assessment Surveys (TAS) to Define Endpoints for Lymphatic Filariasis Mass Drug Administration: A Multicenter Evaluation
Auteurs : Brian K. Chu [États-Unis] ; Michael Deming [États-Unis] ; Nana-Kwadwo Biritwum [Ghana] ; Windtaré R. Bougma [Burkina Faso] ; Améyo M. Dorkenoo [Togo] ; Maged El-Setouhy [Égypte] ; Peter U. Fischer [États-Unis] ; Katherine Gass [États-Unis] ; Manuel Gonzalez De Pe A [République dominicaine] ; Leda Mercado-Hernandez [Philippines] ; Dominique Kyelem [États-Unis] ; Patrick J. Lammie [États-Unis] ; Rebecca M. Flueckiger [États-Unis] ; Upendo J. Mwingira [Tanzanie] ; Rahmah Noordin [Malaisie] ; Irene Offei Owusu [Ghana] ; Eric A. Ottesen [États-Unis] ; Alexandre Pavluck [États-Unis] ; Nils Pilotte [États-Unis] ; Ramakrishna U. Rao [États-Unis] ; Dilhani Samarasekera [Sri Lanka] ; Mark A. Schmaedick ; Sunil Settinayake [Sri Lanka] ; Paul E. Simonsen [Danemark] ; Taniawati Supali [Indonésie] ; Fasihah Taleo [Vanuatu] ; Melissa Torres [États-Unis] ; Gary J. Weil [États-Unis] ; Kimberly Y. Won [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1935-2727 ] ; 2013.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Animaux, Brugia (isolement et purification), Enfant, Femelle, Filaricides (usage thérapeutique), Filariose lymphatique (), Filariose lymphatique (traitement médicamenteux), Filariose lymphatique (transmission), Filariose lymphatique (épidémiologie), Humains, Mâle, Transmission de maladie infectieuse (), Wolbachia (isolement et purification), Épidémiosurveillance.
- MESH :
- isolement et purification : Brugia, Wolbachia.
- traitement médicamenteux : Filariose lymphatique.
- usage thérapeutique : Filaricides, Filariose lymphatique.
- épidémiologie : Filariose lymphatique.
- Animaux, Enfant, Femelle, Filariose lymphatique, Humains, Mâle, Transmission de maladie infectieuse, Épidémiosurveillance.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Brugia (isolation & purification), Child, Disease Transmission, Infectious (prevention & control), Elephantiasis, Filarial (drug therapy), Elephantiasis, Filarial (epidemiology), Elephantiasis, Filarial (prevention & control), Elephantiasis, Filarial (transmission), Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Filaricides (therapeutic use), Humans, Male, Wolbachia (isolation & purification).
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Filaricides.
- drug therapy : Elephantiasis, Filarial.
- epidemiology : Elephantiasis, Filarial.
- isolation & purification : Brugia, Wolbachia.
- prevention & control : Disease Transmission, Infectious, Elephantiasis, Filarial.
- transmission : Elephantiasis, Filarial.
- Animals, Child, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Humans, Male.
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is targeted for global elimination through treatment of entire at-risk populations with repeated annual mass drug administration (MDA). Essential for program success is defining and confirming the appropriate endpoint for MDA when transmission is presumed to have reached a level low enough that it cannot be sustained even in the absence of drug intervention. Guidelines advanced by WHO call for a transmission assessment survey (TAS) to determine if MDA can be stopped within an LF evaluation unit (EU) after at least five effective rounds of annual treatment. To test the value and practicality of these guidelines, a multicenter operational research trial was undertaken in 11 countries covering various geographic and epidemiological settings.
The TAS was conducted twice in each EU with TAS-1 and TAS-2 approximately 24 months apart. Lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) formed the basis of the TAS survey design but specific EU characteristics defined the survey site (school or community), eligible population (6–7 year olds or 1st–2nd graders), survey type (systematic or cluster-sampling), target sample size, and critical cutoff (a statistically powered threshold below which transmission is expected to be no longer sustainable). The primary diagnostic tools were the immunochromatographic (ICT) test for
In 10 of 11 EUs, the number of TAS-1 positive cases was below the critical cutoff, indicating that MDA could be stopped. The same results were found in the follow-up TAS-2, therefore, confirming the previous decision outcome. Sample sizes were highly sex and age-representative and closely matched the target value after factoring in estimates of non-participation. The TAS was determined to be a practical and effective evaluation tool for stopping MDA although its validity for longer-term post-MDA surveillance requires further investigation.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002584
PubMed: 24340120
PubMed Central: 3855047
Affiliations:
- Burkina Faso, Danemark, Ghana, Indonésie, Malaisie, Philippines, République dominicaine, Sri Lanka, Tanzanie, Togo, Vanuatu, Égypte, États-Unis
- Géorgie (États-Unis), Hovedstaden, Massachusetts, Missouri (État), Région du Grand Accra
- Accra, Copenhague, Saint-Louis (Missouri)
- École de médecine (Université Washington de Saint-Louis)
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Le document en format XML
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Ottesen</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pavluck, Alexandre" sort="Pavluck, Alexandre" uniqKey="Pavluck A" first="Alexandre" last="Pavluck">Alexandre Pavluck</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pilotte, Nils" sort="Pilotte, Nils" uniqKey="Pilotte N" first="Nils" last="Pilotte">Nils Pilotte</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rao, Ramakrishna U" sort="Rao, Ramakrishna U" uniqKey="Rao R" first="Ramakrishna U." last="Rao">Ramakrishna U. Rao</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Missouri (État)</region><settlement type="city">Saint-Louis (Missouri)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">École de médecine (Université Washington de Saint-Louis)</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samarasekera, Dilhani" sort="Samarasekera, Dilhani" uniqKey="Samarasekera D" first="Dilhani" last="Samarasekera">Dilhani Samarasekera</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Anti Filariasis Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sri Lanka</country><wicri:regionArea>Anti Filariasis Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Colombo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmaedick, Mark A" sort="Schmaedick, Mark A" uniqKey="Schmaedick M" first="Mark A." last="Schmaedick">Mark A. Schmaedick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa</addr-line></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">American Samoa</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Settinayake, Sunil" sort="Settinayake, Sunil" uniqKey="Settinayake S" first="Sunil" last="Settinayake">Sunil Settinayake</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Anti Filariasis Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sri Lanka</country><wicri:regionArea>Anti Filariasis Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Colombo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simonsen, Paul E" sort="Simonsen, Paul E" uniqKey="Simonsen P" first="Paul E." last="Simonsen">Paul E. Simonsen</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Supali, Taniawati" sort="Supali, Taniawati" uniqKey="Supali T" first="Taniawati" last="Supali">Taniawati Supali</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Department of Parasitology, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, University of Indonesia, Jakarta</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jakarta</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taleo, Fasihah" sort="Taleo, Fasihah" uniqKey="Taleo F" first="Fasihah" last="Taleo">Fasihah Taleo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Public Health Directorate, Port Vila, Vanuatu</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Vanuatu</country><wicri:regionArea>Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Public Health Directorate, Port Vila</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Vila</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torres, Melissa" sort="Torres, Melissa" uniqKey="Torres M" first="Melissa" last="Torres">Melissa Torres</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weil, Gary J" sort="Weil, Gary J" uniqKey="Weil G" first="Gary J." last="Weil">Gary J. Weil</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Missouri (État)</region><settlement type="city">Saint-Louis (Missouri)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">École de médecine (Université Washington de Saint-Louis)</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Won, Kimberly Y" sort="Won, Kimberly Y" uniqKey="Won K" first="Kimberly Y." last="Won">Kimberly Y. Won</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24340120</idno><idno type="pmc">3855047</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3855047</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3855047</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002584</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">004347</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">004347</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">004346</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">004346</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001E89</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001E89</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001779</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001779</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">001779</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">001779</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">001779</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">001779</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">006064</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">006064</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">006064</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">1935-2727:2013:Chu B:transmission:assessment:surveys</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">003039</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">003034</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">003034</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Transmission Assessment Surveys (TAS) to Define Endpoints for Lymphatic Filariasis Mass Drug Administration: A Multicenter Evaluation</title><author><name sortKey="Chu, Brian K" sort="Chu, Brian K" uniqKey="Chu B" first="Brian K." last="Chu">Brian K. Chu</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deming, Michael" sort="Deming, Michael" uniqKey="Deming M" first="Michael" last="Deming">Michael Deming</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biritwum, Nana Kwadwo" sort="Biritwum, Nana Kwadwo" uniqKey="Biritwum N" first="Nana-Kwadwo" last="Biritwum">Nana-Kwadwo Biritwum</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Public Health, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Ghana Health Service, Accra</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><region nuts="2">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bougma, Windtare R" sort="Bougma, Windtare R" uniqKey="Bougma W" first="Windtaré R." last="Bougma">Windtaré R. Bougma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Programme National d'Élimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country><wicri:regionArea>Programme National d'Élimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ouagadougou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dorkenoo, Ameyo M" sort="Dorkenoo, Ameyo M" uniqKey="Dorkenoo A" first="Améyo M." last="Dorkenoo">Améyo M. Dorkenoo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Programme National d'Élimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Lomé, Togo</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Togo</country><wicri:regionArea>Programme National d'Élimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Lomé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lomé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Setouhy, Maged" sort="El Setouhy, Maged" uniqKey="El Setouhy M" first="Maged" last="El-Setouhy">Maged El-Setouhy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cairo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer, Peter U" sort="Fischer, Peter U" uniqKey="Fischer P" first="Peter U." last="Fischer">Peter U. Fischer</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Missouri (État)</region><settlement type="city">Saint-Louis (Missouri)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">École de médecine (Université Washington de Saint-Louis)</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gass, Katherine" sort="Gass, Katherine" uniqKey="Gass K" first="Katherine" last="Gass">Katherine Gass</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez De Pe A, Manuel" sort="Gonzalez De Pe A, Manuel" uniqKey="Gonzalez De Pe A M" first="Manuel" last="Gonzalez De Pe A">Manuel Gonzalez De Pe A</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Centro National de Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République dominicaine</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro National de Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santo Domingo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santo Domingo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mercado Hernandez, Leda" sort="Mercado Hernandez, Leda" uniqKey="Mercado Hernandez L" first="Leda" last="Mercado-Hernandez">Leda Mercado-Hernandez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>Infectious Disease Office, National Center for Disease Prevention & Control, Manila, Philippines</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Philippines</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Disease Office, National Center for Disease Prevention & Control, Manila</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Manila</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kyelem, Dominique" sort="Kyelem, Dominique" uniqKey="Kyelem D" first="Dominique" last="Kyelem">Dominique Kyelem</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lammie, Patrick J" sort="Lammie, Patrick J" uniqKey="Lammie P" first="Patrick J." last="Lammie">Patrick J. Lammie</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flueckiger, Rebecca M" sort="Flueckiger, Rebecca M" uniqKey="Flueckiger R" first="Rebecca M." last="Flueckiger">Rebecca M. Flueckiger</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwingira, Upendo J" sort="Mwingira, Upendo J" uniqKey="Mwingira U" first="Upendo J." last="Mwingira">Upendo J. Mwingira</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, National institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, National institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noordin, Rahmah" sort="Noordin, Rahmah" uniqKey="Noordin R" first="Rahmah" last="Noordin">Rahmah Noordin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Penang</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Offei Owusu, Irene" sort="Offei Owusu, Irene" uniqKey="Offei Owusu I" first="Irene" last="Offei Owusu">Irene Offei Owusu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Legon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ottesen, Eric A" sort="Ottesen, Eric A" uniqKey="Ottesen E" first="Eric A." last="Ottesen">Eric A. Ottesen</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pavluck, Alexandre" sort="Pavluck, Alexandre" uniqKey="Pavluck A" first="Alexandre" last="Pavluck">Alexandre Pavluck</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pilotte, Nils" sort="Pilotte, Nils" uniqKey="Pilotte N" first="Nils" last="Pilotte">Nils Pilotte</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rao, Ramakrishna U" sort="Rao, Ramakrishna U" uniqKey="Rao R" first="Ramakrishna U." last="Rao">Ramakrishna U. Rao</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Missouri (État)</region><settlement type="city">Saint-Louis (Missouri)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">École de médecine (Université Washington de Saint-Louis)</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samarasekera, Dilhani" sort="Samarasekera, Dilhani" uniqKey="Samarasekera D" first="Dilhani" last="Samarasekera">Dilhani Samarasekera</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Anti Filariasis Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sri Lanka</country><wicri:regionArea>Anti Filariasis Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Colombo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmaedick, Mark A" sort="Schmaedick, Mark A" uniqKey="Schmaedick M" first="Mark A." last="Schmaedick">Mark A. Schmaedick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa</addr-line></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">American Samoa</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Settinayake, Sunil" sort="Settinayake, Sunil" uniqKey="Settinayake S" first="Sunil" last="Settinayake">Sunil Settinayake</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Anti Filariasis Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sri Lanka</country><wicri:regionArea>Anti Filariasis Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Colombo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simonsen, Paul E" sort="Simonsen, Paul E" uniqKey="Simonsen P" first="Paul E." last="Simonsen">Paul E. Simonsen</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Supali, Taniawati" sort="Supali, Taniawati" uniqKey="Supali T" first="Taniawati" last="Supali">Taniawati Supali</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Department of Parasitology, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, University of Indonesia, Jakarta</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jakarta</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taleo, Fasihah" sort="Taleo, Fasihah" uniqKey="Taleo F" first="Fasihah" last="Taleo">Fasihah Taleo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Public Health Directorate, Port Vila, Vanuatu</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Vanuatu</country><wicri:regionArea>Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Public Health Directorate, Port Vila</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Port Vila</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torres, Melissa" sort="Torres, Melissa" uniqKey="Torres M" first="Melissa" last="Torres">Melissa Torres</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weil, Gary J" sort="Weil, Gary J" uniqKey="Weil G" first="Gary J." last="Weil">Gary J. Weil</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Missouri (État)</region><settlement type="city">Saint-Louis (Missouri)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">École de médecine (Université Washington de Saint-Louis)</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Won, Kimberly Y" sort="Won, Kimberly Y" uniqKey="Won K" first="Kimberly Y." last="Won">Kimberly Y. Won</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Brugia (isolation & purification)</term><term>Child</term><term>Disease Transmission, Infectious (prevention & control)</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (drug therapy)</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (epidemiology)</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (prevention & control)</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (transmission)</term><term>Epidemiological Monitoring</term><term>Female</term><term>Filaricides (therapeutic use)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Wolbachia (isolation & purification)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Brugia (isolement et purification)</term><term>Enfant</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Filaricides (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Filariose lymphatique ()</term><term>Filariose lymphatique (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Filariose lymphatique (transmission)</term><term>Filariose lymphatique (épidémiologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Transmission de maladie infectieuse ()</term><term>Wolbachia (isolement et purification)</term><term>Épidémiosurveillance</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Filaricides</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Brugia</term><term>Wolbachia</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Brugia</term><term>Wolbachia</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Disease Transmission, Infectious</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Filariose lymphatique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Filaricides</term><term>Filariose lymphatique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Filariose lymphatique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Child</term><term>Epidemiological Monitoring</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Enfant</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Filariose lymphatique</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Transmission de maladie infectieuse</term><term>Épidémiosurveillance</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is targeted for global elimination through treatment of entire at-risk populations with repeated annual mass drug administration (MDA). Essential for program success is defining and confirming the appropriate endpoint for MDA when transmission is presumed to have reached a level low enough that it cannot be sustained even in the absence of drug intervention. Guidelines advanced by WHO call for a transmission assessment survey (TAS) to determine if MDA can be stopped within an LF evaluation unit (EU) after at least five effective rounds of annual treatment. To test the value and practicality of these guidelines, a multicenter operational research trial was undertaken in 11 countries covering various geographic and epidemiological settings.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology</title><p>The TAS was conducted twice in each EU with TAS-1 and TAS-2 approximately 24 months apart. Lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) formed the basis of the TAS survey design but specific EU characteristics defined the survey site (school or community), eligible population (6–7 year olds or 1<sup>st</sup>–2<sup>nd</sup> graders), survey type (systematic or cluster-sampling), target sample size, and critical cutoff (a statistically powered threshold below which transmission is expected to be no longer sustainable). The primary diagnostic tools were the immunochromatographic (ICT) test for <italic>W. bancrofti</italic> EUs and the BmR1 test (Brugia Rapid or PanLF) for <italic>Brugia spp</italic>. EUs.</p></sec><sec><title>Principal Findings/Conclusions</title><p>In 10 of 11 EUs, the number of TAS-1 positive cases was below the critical cutoff, indicating that MDA could be stopped. The same results were found in the follow-up TAS-2, therefore, confirming the previous decision outcome. Sample sizes were highly sex and age-representative and closely matched the target value after factoring in estimates of non-participation. The TAS was determined to be a practical and effective evaluation tool for stopping MDA although its validity for longer-term post-MDA surveillance requires further investigation.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ottesen, Ea" uniqKey="Ottesen E">EA Ottesen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ottesen, Ea" uniqKey="Ottesen E">EA Ottesen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hooper, Pj" uniqKey="Hooper P">PJ Hooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bradley, M" uniqKey="Bradley M">M Bradley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Biswas, G" uniqKey="Biswas G">G Biswas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chu, Bk" uniqKey="Chu B">BK Chu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hooper, Pj" uniqKey="Hooper P">PJ Hooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bradley, Mh" uniqKey="Bradley M">MH Bradley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcfarland, Da" uniqKey="Mcfarland D">DA McFarland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ottesen, Ea" uniqKey="Ottesen E">EA Ottesen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stolk, Wa" uniqKey="Stolk W">WA Stolk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Swaminathan, S" uniqKey="Swaminathan S">S Swaminathan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Oortmarssen, Gj" uniqKey="Van Oortmarssen G">GJ van Oortmarssen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Pk" uniqKey="Das P">PK Das</name></author><author><name sortKey="Habbema, Jd" uniqKey="Habbema J">JD Habbema</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Michael, E" uniqKey="Michael E">E Michael</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malecela Lazaro, Mn" uniqKey="Malecela Lazaro M">MN Malecela-Lazaro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maegga, Bt" uniqKey="Maegga B">BT Maegga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer, P" uniqKey="Fischer P">P Fischer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kazura, Jw" uniqKey="Kazura J">JW Kazura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jy" uniqKey="Liu J">JY Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Xj" uniqKey="Liu X">XJ Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Z" uniqKey="Chen Z">Z Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tu, Zp" uniqKey="Tu Z">ZP Tu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Gb" uniqKey="Zheng G">GB Zheng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gass, K" uniqKey="Gass K">K Gass</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beau De Rochars, Mv" uniqKey="Beau De Rochars M">MV Beau de Rochars</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boakye, D" uniqKey="Boakye D">D Boakye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bradley, M" uniqKey="Bradley M">M Bradley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer, Pu" uniqKey="Fischer P">PU Fischer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Noordin, R" uniqKey="Noordin R">R Noordin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Itoh, M" uniqKey="Itoh M">M Itoh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kimura, E" uniqKey="Kimura E">E Kimura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abdul Rahman, R" uniqKey="Abdul Rahman R">R Abdul Rahman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ravindran, B" uniqKey="Ravindran B">B Ravindran</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weil, Gj" uniqKey="Weil G">GJ Weil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Curtis, Kc" uniqKey="Curtis K">KC Curtis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fakoli, L" uniqKey="Fakoli L">L Fakoli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer, K" uniqKey="Fischer K">K Fischer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gankpala, L" uniqKey="Gankpala L">L Gankpala</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mladonicky, Jm" uniqKey="Mladonicky J">JM Mladonicky</name></author><author><name sortKey="King, Jd" uniqKey="King J">JD King</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, Jl" uniqKey="Liang J">JL Liang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chambers, E" uniqKey="Chambers E">E Chambers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pa Au, M" uniqKey="Pa Au M">M Pa'au</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hamlin, Kl" uniqKey="Hamlin K">KL Hamlin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moss, Dm" uniqKey="Moss D">DM Moss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Priest, Jw" uniqKey="Priest J">JW Priest</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, J" uniqKey="Roberts J">J Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kubofcik, J" uniqKey="Kubofcik J">J Kubofcik</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moss, Dm" uniqKey="Moss D">DM Moss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Priest, Jw" uniqKey="Priest J">JW Priest</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boyd, A" uniqKey="Boyd A">A Boyd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weinkopff, T" uniqKey="Weinkopff T">T Weinkopff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kucerova, Z" uniqKey="Kucerova Z">Z Kucerova</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lammie, Pj" uniqKey="Lammie P">PJ Lammie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moss, Dm" uniqKey="Moss D">DM Moss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brook Goodhew, E" uniqKey="Brook Goodhew E">E Brook Goodhew</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamlin, K" uniqKey="Hamlin K">K Hamlin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krolewiecki, A" uniqKey="Krolewiecki A">A Krolewiecki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Farid, Ha" uniqKey="Farid H">HA Farid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morsy, Zs" uniqKey="Morsy Z">ZS Morsy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Helmy, H" uniqKey="Helmy H">H Helmy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramzy, Rm" uniqKey="Ramzy R">RM Ramzy</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Setouhy, M" uniqKey="El Setouhy M">M El Setouhy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fischer, P" uniqKey="Fischer P">P Fischer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erickson, Sm" uniqKey="Erickson S">SM Erickson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer, K" uniqKey="Fischer K">K Fischer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fuchs, Jf" uniqKey="Fuchs J">JF Fuchs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rao, Ru" uniqKey="Rao R">RU Rao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Irish, Sr" uniqKey="Irish S">SR Irish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Sj" uniqKey="Moore S">SJ Moore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Derua, Ya" uniqKey="Derua Y">YA Derua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruce, J" uniqKey="Bruce J">J Bruce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cameron, Mm" uniqKey="Cameron M">MM Cameron</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mathieu, E" uniqKey="Mathieu E">E Mathieu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dorkenoo, A" uniqKey="Dorkenoo A">A Dorkenoo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Otogbe, Fk" uniqKey="Otogbe F">FK Otogbe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Budge, Pj" uniqKey="Budge P">PJ Budge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sodahlon, Yk" uniqKey="Sodahlon Y">YK Sodahlon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Burkina Faso</li><li>Danemark</li><li>Ghana</li><li>Indonésie</li><li>Malaisie</li><li>Philippines</li><li>République dominicaine</li><li>Sri Lanka</li><li>Tanzanie</li><li>Togo</li><li>Vanuatu</li><li>Égypte</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Géorgie (États-Unis)</li><li>Hovedstaden</li><li>Massachusetts</li><li>Missouri (État)</li><li>Région du Grand Accra</li></region><settlement><li>Accra</li><li>Copenhague</li><li>Saint-Louis (Missouri)</li></settlement><orgName><li>École de médecine (Université Washington de Saint-Louis)</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Schmaedick, Mark A" sort="Schmaedick, Mark A" uniqKey="Schmaedick M" first="Mark A." last="Schmaedick">Mark A. Schmaedick</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Géorgie (États-Unis)"><name sortKey="Chu, Brian K" sort="Chu, Brian K" uniqKey="Chu B" first="Brian K." last="Chu">Brian K. Chu</name></region><name sortKey="Deming, Michael" sort="Deming, Michael" uniqKey="Deming M" first="Michael" last="Deming">Michael Deming</name><name sortKey="Fischer, Peter U" sort="Fischer, Peter U" uniqKey="Fischer P" first="Peter U." last="Fischer">Peter U. Fischer</name><name sortKey="Flueckiger, Rebecca M" sort="Flueckiger, Rebecca M" uniqKey="Flueckiger R" first="Rebecca M." last="Flueckiger">Rebecca M. Flueckiger</name><name sortKey="Gass, Katherine" sort="Gass, Katherine" uniqKey="Gass K" first="Katherine" last="Gass">Katherine Gass</name><name sortKey="Kyelem, Dominique" sort="Kyelem, Dominique" uniqKey="Kyelem D" first="Dominique" last="Kyelem">Dominique Kyelem</name><name sortKey="Lammie, Patrick J" sort="Lammie, Patrick J" uniqKey="Lammie P" first="Patrick J." last="Lammie">Patrick J. Lammie</name><name sortKey="Ottesen, Eric A" sort="Ottesen, Eric A" uniqKey="Ottesen E" first="Eric A." last="Ottesen">Eric A. Ottesen</name><name sortKey="Pavluck, Alexandre" sort="Pavluck, Alexandre" uniqKey="Pavluck A" first="Alexandre" last="Pavluck">Alexandre Pavluck</name><name sortKey="Pilotte, Nils" sort="Pilotte, Nils" uniqKey="Pilotte N" first="Nils" last="Pilotte">Nils Pilotte</name><name sortKey="Rao, Ramakrishna U" sort="Rao, Ramakrishna U" uniqKey="Rao R" first="Ramakrishna U." last="Rao">Ramakrishna U. Rao</name><name sortKey="Torres, Melissa" sort="Torres, Melissa" uniqKey="Torres M" first="Melissa" last="Torres">Melissa Torres</name><name sortKey="Weil, Gary J" sort="Weil, Gary J" uniqKey="Weil G" first="Gary J." last="Weil">Gary J. Weil</name><name sortKey="Won, Kimberly Y" sort="Won, Kimberly Y" uniqKey="Won K" first="Kimberly Y." last="Won">Kimberly Y. Won</name></country><country name="Ghana"><region name="Région du Grand Accra"><name sortKey="Biritwum, Nana Kwadwo" sort="Biritwum, Nana Kwadwo" uniqKey="Biritwum N" first="Nana-Kwadwo" last="Biritwum">Nana-Kwadwo Biritwum</name></region><name sortKey="Offei Owusu, Irene" sort="Offei Owusu, Irene" uniqKey="Offei Owusu I" first="Irene" last="Offei Owusu">Irene Offei Owusu</name></country><country name="Burkina Faso"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bougma, Windtare R" sort="Bougma, Windtare R" uniqKey="Bougma W" first="Windtaré R." last="Bougma">Windtaré R. Bougma</name></noRegion></country><country name="Togo"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dorkenoo, Ameyo M" sort="Dorkenoo, Ameyo M" uniqKey="Dorkenoo A" first="Améyo M." last="Dorkenoo">Améyo M. Dorkenoo</name></noRegion></country><country name="Égypte"><noRegion><name sortKey="El Setouhy, Maged" sort="El Setouhy, Maged" uniqKey="El Setouhy M" first="Maged" last="El-Setouhy">Maged El-Setouhy</name></noRegion></country><country name="République dominicaine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gonzalez De Pe A, Manuel" sort="Gonzalez De Pe A, Manuel" uniqKey="Gonzalez De Pe A M" first="Manuel" last="Gonzalez De Pe A">Manuel Gonzalez De Pe A</name></noRegion></country><country name="Philippines"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mercado Hernandez, Leda" sort="Mercado Hernandez, Leda" uniqKey="Mercado Hernandez L" first="Leda" last="Mercado-Hernandez">Leda Mercado-Hernandez</name></noRegion></country><country name="Tanzanie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mwingira, Upendo J" sort="Mwingira, Upendo J" uniqKey="Mwingira U" first="Upendo J." last="Mwingira">Upendo J. Mwingira</name></noRegion></country><country name="Malaisie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Noordin, Rahmah" sort="Noordin, Rahmah" uniqKey="Noordin R" first="Rahmah" last="Noordin">Rahmah Noordin</name></noRegion></country><country name="Sri Lanka"><noRegion><name sortKey="Samarasekera, Dilhani" sort="Samarasekera, Dilhani" uniqKey="Samarasekera D" first="Dilhani" last="Samarasekera">Dilhani Samarasekera</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Settinayake, Sunil" sort="Settinayake, Sunil" uniqKey="Settinayake S" first="Sunil" last="Settinayake">Sunil Settinayake</name></country><country name="Danemark"><region name="Hovedstaden"><name sortKey="Simonsen, Paul E" sort="Simonsen, Paul E" uniqKey="Simonsen P" first="Paul E." last="Simonsen">Paul E. Simonsen</name></region></country><country name="Indonésie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Supali, Taniawati" sort="Supali, Taniawati" uniqKey="Supali T" first="Taniawati" last="Supali">Taniawati Supali</name></noRegion></country><country name="Vanuatu"><noRegion><name sortKey="Taleo, Fasihah" sort="Taleo, Fasihah" uniqKey="Taleo F" first="Fasihah" last="Taleo">Fasihah Taleo</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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